Monitoring fulfilment of the smoke-free legislation in restaurant enterprises
Keywords:
monitoring, restaurants, passive smoking, cigarettes, hookah, electronic cigarettes, IQOSAbstract
Background. Passive smoking, that is, inhaling air contaminated with tobacco smoke from active smokers, causes respiratory, cardiovascular, and asthma attacks, sudden infant death syndrome and neurological complications.
A ban on smoking in public places was introduced in Ukraine in December 2012 when the Law of Ukraine "On Measures to Prevent and Reduce Tobacco Use and Their Harmful Impact on the Health of the Population" came into force. However, in practice consumers face with a violation of the law, which poses a potential danger to their lives and health.
The aim of the article is to asses the implementation of the Law of Ukraine № 2899-IV concerning the prohibition of smoking in indoor premises of restaurant facilities.
Material and methods. During December 2017 –January 2018, 398 restaurant facilities were monitored in 7 Ukrainian cities: Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy, Kharkiv, Odessa, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk. Data were compared with similar studies conducted in 2015.
Results. During the monitoring, significant violations were found in Kyiv restaurant facilities – 28.9 %, and in Kharkiv 45.2 %, less than 3 % of violations were in Lviv; 11.4 % in Cherkasy; 17.2 % in Odessa. There were no violations in restaurants in Zhytomyr and Ivano-Frankivsk.
If we compare the results of the monitoring conducted in 2017 with the results of the inspections of the same places in 2015, then the aggregate rate of implementation of the law in 7 cities practically has not changed: 19.7 % and 19.9 % respectively.
At the same time, the situation with compliance with the law improved in Odessa by 9.4 percent, but degraded two times in Kharkiv.
The highest number of recorded violations was related to smoking of hookahs –17.6 % of all inspected institutions, and smoking cigarettes was recorded only in 6.8 % of institutions. Also, the new threat is IQOS.
Conclusion. A number of anti-tobacco measures carried out in Ukraine over the past 7 years have contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of smoking. However, the lack of state control negatively affects the implementation of anti-tobacco legislation.
According to the results of monitoring, only 80.2 % of checked cafes, bars and restaurants comply with the requirements of Ukrainian legislation.
References
Doklad VOZ o global'noj tabachnoj jepidemii, 2013 god. URL : http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85380/9789244505878_rus.pdf;jsessionid=76606EA08166D38D0C85B82246F401B3?sequence=7.
Pro zahody shhodo poperedzhennja ta zmenshennja vzhyvannja tjutjunovyh vyrobiv i i'h shkidlyvogo vplyvu na zdorov’ja naselennja : Zakon Ukrai'ny vid 2005 r. № 52. Data onovlennja 16.12.2012. URL : http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2899-15.
World Health Organization. (2015). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2015: Raising taxes on tobacco. URL : http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/178574/1/9789240694606_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1.
Global'ne opytuvannja doroslyh shhodo vzhyvannja tjutjunu (Global Adult Tobacco Survey – GATS). Kyi'v. 2017. 240 s. URL : http://kiis.com.ua/materials/pr/20180214_GATS/Full%20Report%20GATS%20Ukraine%202017%20UKR.pdf.
Melloni B. B. Lung cancer in never-smokers: radon exposure and environmental tobacco smoke. Eur. Respir J. 2014. Vol. 44 (4). Р. 850–852.
Britton J. R., Weiss S. T. Health effects of passive smoking. Thorax. 1999. N 54. P. 357–366.
Fu X., Feng T., Wu M., Zhang L., Jiang C. Relationship between environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer risk among nonsmokers in China: A meta-analysis. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2015. Vol. 49 (7). Р. 644–648.
Hong R., Betancourt J. A., Ruiz-Beltran M. Passive smoking as a risk factor of anemia in young children aged 0–35 months in Jordan. BMC Pediatrics. 2007. N 7. P. 16.
Cao S., Yang C., Gan Y., Lu Z. The Health Effects of Passive Smoking: An Overview of Systematic Reviews Based on Observational Epidemiological Evidence. PLoS One. Oct. 6. 2015. Vol. 10 (10).
Dogar O. F., Pillai N., Safdar N., Shah S. K., Zahid R., Siddiqi K. Second-hand smoke and the risk of tuberculosis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2015. Vol. 143 (15). Р. 3158–3172.
Ahn A., Edwards K. M., Grijalva C. G., Self W. H., Zhu Y., Chappell J. D., Arnold S. R., McCullers J. A., Ampofo K., Pavia A. T., Bramley A. M., Jain S., Williams D. J. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Illness Severity among Children Hospitalized with Pneumonia. J. Pediatr. 2015. Vol. 167 (4). Р. 869–874.
Krasovs'kyj K. S. Tendencii' poshyrenosti kurinnja sered riznyh grup naselennja Ukrai'ny u 2008–2015 rokah. Ukrai'na. Zdorov'ja nacii'. 2016. № 4. S. 47–54.
Andreeva T. I., Petrenko T., Krasovsky K. S. Results of the telephone survey on quitting smoking in Ukraine 2016. URL : https://figshare.com/articles/Results_of_the_telephone_survey_on_quitting_smoking_in_Ukraine/5173057.
Andrjejeva T. I., Krasovs'kyj K. S., Harchenko N. M. Koreljaty ta neshhodavni zminy poshyrenosti kurinnja sered doroslyh v Ukrai'ni. Shidnojevrop. zhurn. gromads'kogo zdorov’ja. 2009. № 1. S. 50–57.
Gruzjeva O. V. Poshyrenist' kurinnja sered studentiv vyshhyh medychnyh navchal'nyh zakladiv Ukrai'ny i svitu. Ukrai'na. Zdorov'ja nacii'. 2010. № 1. S. 27–31. URL : http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Uzn_2010_1_5.
Balakirjeva O. M., Bondar T. V., Pavlova D. M. Pokaznyky ta social'nyj kontekst formuvannja zdorov’ja pidlitkiv : monografija. Kyi'v : JuNISEF. Ukr. in-t social'nyh doslidzhen' im. O. Jaremenka, 2014. 156 s.
Kyi'vs'kyj mizhnarodnyj instytut sociologii'. Poshyrenist' shhodennogo tjutjunokurinnja v Ukrai'ni nadali zmenshujet'sja. Pres-reliz 21 sichnja 2010 r. URL : http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=300&t=7&page=7.
Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrai'ny. Samoocinka naselennjam stanu zdorov’ja ta rivnja dostupnosti okremyh vydiv medychnoi' dopomogy. URL : https://ukrstat.org/uk/druk/publicat/kat_u/publdomogosp_u.htm.
Chynnyky zdorov’ja ukrai'ns'kyh pidlitkiv za rezul'tatamy sociologichnogo doslidzhennja v mezhah mizhnarodnogo proektu "Zdorov’ja ta povedinkovi orijentacii' uchnivs'koi' molodi" ("Health behaviour school-aged children" – HBSC). JuNISEF. Ukr. in-t social'nyh doslidzhen' im. O. Jaremenka. Kyi'v : K.I.S., 2011. 172 s.
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Country profile Ukraine. 2015. URL : http://tobaccocontrol.org.ua/uploads/resource/file/46/58ea5ef46c98a.pdf.
Oficijnyj sajt Ukrai'ns'kogo Centru kontrolju nad tjutjunom (Ukrainian Center for Tobacco Control). URL : http://tobaccocontrol.org.ua/about-center.
Oficijnyj sajt Centru gromads'kogo predstavnyctva "Zhyttja". URL : http://www.center-life.org.
FDA Scientific Committee Finds Philip Morris’ Evidence Was Inadequate to Show Its IQOS Product Would Reduce Risk of Disease. URL : https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press-releases/2018_01_25_iqos.
Auer R., Concha-Lozano N., Jacot-Sadowski I., Cornuz J., Berthet A. Heat-not-burn tobacco cigarettes: smoke by any other name. JAMA Intern Med. 2017. N 177 (7). Р. 1050–1052.
Pro zatverdzhennja Polozhennja pro Derzhavnu sluzhbu Ukrai'ny z pytan' bezpechnosti harchovyh produktiv ta zahystu spozhyvachiv : Postanova Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrai'ny vid 02.09.2015 № 667. Data onovlennja 13.01.2017. URL : http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/667-2015-%D0%BF.
