Процедури дерогації при захисті прав  людини

Nataliia MELNYCHENKO

doi:10.31617/zt.knute.2022(120)02

Authors

Nataliia MELNYCHENKO State University of Trade and Economics https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8482-9339

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2022(120)02

Keywords:

human rights, derogation, state of emergency, European Court of Human Rights.

Abstract

Іntroduction. Human rights and freedoms must be guaranteed and protected by the state at all times. However, in today’s world, extraordinary events are taking place that make it impossible for state bodies to function properly, including the protection of human rights, both in several regions and throughout the country.

Problem. In order to avoid liability for non-compliance or improper implementation of the provisions of an international treaty, states are forced to resort to the procedure of withdrawal, the definition and conditions of which need to be studied and clarified.

The aim of the article is to determine the features of the legal regulation of state deviations in emergencies, both in national law and in international treaties.

Methods. The following scientific methods were used: dialectical, functional, structural-functional, formal-legal and comparative.

Results. The main provisions of national legislation and international treaties concerning the withdrawal of states from their treaty obligations to protect human rights in emergencies are analyzed. The practice of decision-making by the European Court of Human Rights in cases of such violations by the state is outlined.

Conclusions. The right of the state to withdraw from its obligations can arise only during a war or other emergency situation that really threatens the life of the nation. Withdrawal may be made only in the part and in the territory where it is caused by an emergency. International law prohibits deviations from certain guaranteed human rights and freedoms. A State which intends to exercise its right of withdrawal must provide detailed information and justification in advance to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.

Author Biography

Nataliia MELNYCHENKO, State University of Trade and Economics

PhD (Law), Assistant Professor of the Department of International, Civil and Commercial Law

References

Borysov, Je. (2019). Derogacija u mehanizmah Mizhnarodnogo paktu paktu OON pro gromadjans'ki ta politychni prava [Derogation in the mechanisms of the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]. European Political and Law Discourse, (Vol.6, Issue 5), (pp. 37-43) [in Ukrainian].

Drozdov O., Drozdova O. COVID-19 ta prava ljudyny. Kryterii' JeSPL. Retrieved from https://www.echr.com.ua/covid-19-ta-prava-lyudini-kriteri%D1%97-yespl [in Ukrainian].

Servatjuk, L. V. Pravomirne obmezhennja prav ljudyny: mizhnarodne ta nacional'ne pravo [Legitimate restriction of human rights: international and national law]. Retrieved from http://www.sci-notes.mgu.od.ua/archive/v32/8.pdf [in Ukrainian].

Figel', Ju. O. (2016). Klasyfikacija obmezhen' prav ljudyny [Classification of human rights restrictions]. Visnyk L'vivs'kogo torgovel'no-ekonomichnogo universytetu. Jurydychni nauky – Bulletin of Lviv University of Trade and Economics. Legal sciences, (Vol. 3), (pp. 79-87) [in Ukrainian].

Helfer, L. R. (2021). Rethinking Derogations from Human Rights Treaties. American Journal of International Law, (Vol.115, Issue 1), (pp. 20-40) [in English] https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.92.

Chevychalova, Zh. V. (2017). Pravovi pidstavy vidstupu Ukrai'ny vid okremyh zobov’jazan', vyznachenyh Mizhnarodnym paktom pro gromadjans'ki i politychni prava ta Konvencijeju pro zahyst prav ljudyny i osnovopolozhnyh svobod [Legal grounds for Ukraine's with drawal from certain obligations set out in the International Covenanton Civil and Political Rights and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]. Teorija i praktyka pravoznavstva – Theory and practice of jurisprudence, (Vol. 2 (12). Retrieved from http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/tipp_2017_2_21 [in Ukrainian].

Mizhnarodnyj pakt pro gromadjans'ki i politychni prava: Mizhnarodnyj dokument vid 16.12.1966 [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: International document of 16.12.1966]. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_043 [in Ukrainian].

Konvencija pro zahyst prav ljudyny i osnovopolozhnyh svobod : Rada Jevropy, Mizhnarodnyj dokument vid 04.11.1950 [Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: Council of Europe, International Document of 04.11.1950]. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004 [in Ukrainian].

Konstytucija Respubliky Pol'shha [Constitution of the Republic of Poland]. Retrieved from http://pravo.org.ua/img/books/files/1525439592pol_const_new_a5_web.pdf [in Ukrainian].

Pravo na derogaciju [The right to derogate]. Ukrai'ns'ke pravo – Ukrainian law. Retrieved from https://www.ukrainepravo.com/internationallaw/public_international_law/pravo-na-derogatsiyu [in Ukrainian].

Obmezhennja pid chas nadzvychajnogo stanu: orijentyry shhodo zastosuvannja statti 15Jevropejs'koi' konvencii' z prav ljudyny [Limitations during a state of emergency: guidelinesfor the application of Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights]. Retrieved from https://ukrainepravo.com/international_law/european_court_of_human_rights/sbpyezyerrya-tke-af-raeivyamrsgs-fkharts-sukzhrkhyuy-ses-iafkhsftsvarrya-fkhakhkhk-15-zhvustyemfensl [in Ukrainian].

Case Of Lawless v. Ireland. Retrieved from https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-57518%22]} [in English].

Posibnyk zi statti 15 Jevropey̆s'koji konvenciji z prav ljudyny. Vidstup vid zobov’jazan'pid chas nadzvychay̆noji sytuaciji. Retrieved from https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_15_UKR.pdf [in Ukrainian].

Pro vidstup Ukrai'ny vid okremyh zobov’jazan', vyznachenyh Mizhnarodnym paktompro gromadjans'ki i politychni prava ta Konvencijeju pro zahyst prav ljudyny ta osnovopolozhnyh svobod: Postanova Verhovnoi' Rady Ukrai'ny vid 21.05.2015 roku [On Ukraine's Derogation from Certain Obligations, defined by the International Covenanton Civil and Political Rights and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of May 21, 2015]. Vidomosti Verhovnoi' Rady – Information of the Verkhovna Rada. (2015), 29, article 267. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/462-19 [in Ukrainian].

Coronavirus derogations from human rights send wrong signal, say MEPs. Retrieved from https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/coronavirus-derogations-from-human-rights-send-wrong-signal-say-meps/ [in English].

Nazarchuk, I. Vplyv COVID-19 na mizhnarodne pravo. Pravnyky analizujut' vyklyky, vidslidkovujut' tendencii', robljat' prognozy (chastyna persha) [The impact of COVID-19 on international law. Lawyers analyze challenges, track trends, make forecasts (part one)]. Retrieved from https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/coronavirus-mizhnarodne-pravo/30555879.html [in Ukrainian].